今天要学习的这部分内容有782个汉字,对应692个英文单词的译文,共29句话。
第三部分第23段:
第1句:
(五)全面实施乡村振兴战略,促进农业稳定发展和农民增收。
5. Implementing the rural revitalization strategy across the board and promoting steady development of agriculture and growth in rural incomes
说明:
还可以加入介词,译为:the strategy for rural revitalization;
也可以换个词:rural revitalization drive。
这两个译法是从这个网站(http://www.cnterm.com/index/index.jsp)上搜来的,非常权威,可以放心使用:
还可以说:rural rejuvenation。
对比一下这两个近义词:
* rejuvenate: v. to make something work much better or become much better again 使〔某事物〕变得更有活力;使〔某事物〕恢复活力
* revitalize: v. to put new strength or power into something 使恢复元气,给…注入新的活力
不过从谷歌学术上查证到的引用次数来看,rural revitalization用的更多一些。
所以说,很多时候的英文表达不能说错,只能说用得少……咱们要更注意积累大家更爱用的、更主流的表达和说法。
“收入增加”中的增加,还可以换为increase和rise。
第2句:
接续推进脱贫地区发展,抓好农业生产,改善农村生产生活条件。
We will continue to promote the development of areas that have been lifted out of poverty, bolster agricultural production, and improve working and living conditions in rural areas.
说明:
关于“脱贫”常用搭配动词有哪些来着?
随手一搜,复习一下:
* bolster: v. ~ sth (up) to improve sth or make it stronger 改善;加强
第三部分第24段:
做好巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接。对脱贫县从脱贫之日起设立5年过渡期,保持主要帮扶政策总体稳定。健全防止返贫动态监测和帮扶机制,促进脱贫人口稳定就业,加大技能培训力度,发展壮大脱贫地区产业,做好易地搬迁后续扶持,分层分类加强对农村低收入人口常态化帮扶,确保不发生规模性返贫。在西部地区脱贫县中集中支持一批乡村振兴重点帮扶县。坚持和完善东西部协作和对口支援机制,发挥中央单位和社会力量帮扶作用,继续支持脱贫地区增强内生发展能力。
第1句:
做好巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接。
We will align efforts to consolidate and expand the achievements in poverty alleviation with efforts to promote rural revitalization.
说明:
原:促进消费与投资有效结合
译:promote better alignment between consumption and investment
原:促进产业链上下游标准有效衔接
译:ensure the alignment of standards throughout the industrial chain
原:推动有效市场和有为政府更好结合
译:to ensure better alignment between an efficient market and a well-functioning government
可见“有效衔接”中的“有效”要么不翻译,要么用了better,而没有用effective。
从细节层面可以这么理解着记:
“衔接”是之前就有的,比如“消费与投资”之间的“无效衔接”无需考虑,也不可能“不衔接”。“有效衔接”是指“衔接”更顺畅、更有效益了,所以用better。
不过effective alignment的用法也有:
用名词的搭配:the alignment between A and B。
用动词的搭配:align A with B。
第2句:
对脱贫县从脱贫之日起设立5年过渡期,保持主要帮扶政策总体稳定。
For counties lifted out of poverty, a five-year transition period will apply from the date poverty in their locality was eradicated, during which major assistance policies will remain unchanged for them.
说明:
the date (that/when) poverty in their locality was eradicated
上面的that或when是可以省略的,因为它在定语从句中不充当任何成分。
其实“脱贫县”的译文本身也是后置定语从句:
counties (that/which have been) lifted out of poverty
只不过括号中的内容是给省略了。
第3句:
健全防止返贫动态监测和帮扶机制,‖促进脱贫人口稳定就业,加大技能培训力度,‖发展壮大脱贫地区产业,做好易地搬迁后续扶持,分层分类加强对农村低收入人口常态化帮扶,‖确保不发生规模性返贫。
健全防止返贫动态监测和帮扶机制,‖
Continuous monitoring and assistance mechanisms will be enhanced to prevent populations that have been lifted out of poverty from falling back into it again.
说明:
* monitor: v. to carefully watch and check a situation in order to see how it changes over a period of time 监视;监测,检测;监督
“监测”在这里是修饰“机制”的,动词不能修饰名词,要将其变成相应的动名词形式才可以修饰名词。
同样还是把“已脱贫”处理为人口的后置定语。
促进脱贫人口稳定就业,加大技能培训力度,‖
Stable employment for these populations should be ensured, and more skills training will be made available to them.
说明:
发展壮大脱贫地区产业,做好易地搬迁后续扶持,分层分类加强对农村低收入人口常态化帮扶,‖
We will further develop industries in areas that are no longer in poverty, provide follow-up support for those who have been relocated from inhospitable areas, and enhance regular and tiered assistance of various types to low-income rural residents.
说明:
* follow-up: done in order to find out more or do more about something 后续的
* relocate: v. if a person or business relocates, or if they are relocated, they move to a different place 迁移;搬迁;重新安置
可见这个词即可以用主动形式,也可以用被动形式,意思都一样。
上面句子是被动语态,看个主动形式的句子:
A lot of firms are relocating to the North of England. 许多公司正在迁往英格兰北部。
* inhospitable: adj. an inhospitable place is difficult to live or stay in because the weather conditions are unpleasant or there is no shelter 〔地方〕不适宜居住的〔由于天气恶劣或缺乏遮蔽处〕
“农村低收入人口”的译文中有“人口”,用residents来指代;“农村(的)”更接近“人口”的属性,所以译文是“低收入的、农村的人口”。
前面
确保不发生规模性返贫。
These steps will forestall a large-scale reemergence of poverty.
说明:
* forestall: v. to prevent sth from happening or sb from doing sth by doing sth first 预先阻止;在(他人)之前行动;先发制人
这个词是prevent的近义词,只是更强调“预先”。所以选词的时候要主语原文的语气、色彩和重点。
reemergence是emergence前面加了前缀re-,表示“再次出现”→“返回”。
第4句:
在西部地区脱贫县中集中支持一批乡村振兴重点帮扶县。
A number of counties lifted out of poverty in western China will be designated as key counties for receiving assistance for rural revitalization.
说明:
一批西部地区脱贫县/被指定为/接收帮扶的重点县,以实现乡村振兴。
相当于先画个大范围:在西部地区脱贫县中。
再画个小范围:其中一些脱贫县被指定为为……重点帮扶县。
第5句:
坚持和完善东西部协作和对口支援机制,‖ 发挥中央单位和社会力量帮扶作用,‖
继续支持脱贫地区增强内生发展能力。
坚持和完善东西部协作和对口支援机制,‖
The mechanisms for collaboration between the eastern and western regions and for providing paired assistance will remain in place and be improved.
说明:
be动词+动词的过去分词形式。
整句话就改写成了:“……机制(将会)被坚持和完善”。
* collaboration: n. the act of working with another person or group of people to create or produce sth 合作;协作
* cooperation: n. the fact of doing sth together or of working together towards a shared aim合作;协作
看着好像没有太大的区别……今后可以再多留意一下。
* paired: adj. occurring in pairs or as a pair 成对的
对口支援:对口支援即经济发达或实力较强的一方对经济不发达或实力较弱的一方实施援助的一种政策性行为。主要类型有:灾难援助、经济援助、医疗援助、教育援助。【摘自百度百科】
从“对口支援”的概念可知,是“一方对一方”这种形式的“支援和帮助”,所以用了paired。
发挥中央单位和社会力量帮扶作用,‖
Central departments and organizations as well as non-governmental actors will continue to play their roles in providing assistance.
说明:
中央单位和社会力量将继续发挥在提供帮扶方面的作用。
所以用到了play one’s role的固定表达,表示“扮演了……角色/发挥了……作用”。
“社会力量”译为“非政府参与者”,将“力量”二字具体化。
看看actor在这句话中的意思:
* actor: n. a participant in an action or process(行动或过程)参与者
也可以用字面直译出来的说法:social forces。
“帮扶”增译为“提供帮扶”,将意思说的更加清楚明白。
继续支持脱贫地区增强内生发展能力。
All these efforts will help those areas which have been lifted out of poverty enhance their capacity for sustaining self-development.
说明:
增补主语“所有这些努力”。
仔细想想,汉语中很多“支持”的确是帮助的意思。如:支持(帮助)某人度过难关。
第三部分第25段:
提高粮食和重要农产品供给保障能力。保障粮食安全的要害是种子和耕地。要加强种质资源保护利用和优良品种选育推广,开展农业关键核心技术攻关。提高高标准农田建设标准和质量,完善灌溉设施,强化耕地保护,坚决遏制耕地“非农化”、防止“非粮化”。建设国家粮食安全产业带。稳定种粮农民补贴,适度提高稻谷、小麦最低收购价,扩大完全成本和收入保险试点范围。稳定粮食播种面积,提高单产和品质。多措并举扩大油料生产。发展畜禽水产养殖,稳定生猪生产。加强动植物疫病防控。保障农产品市场供应和价格基本稳定。开展粮食节约行动。解决好吃饭问题始终是头等大事,我们一定要下力气也完全有能力保障好14亿人的粮食安全。
第1句:
提高粮食和重要农产品供给保障能力。
We will enhance our ability to ensure the supply of food and major agricultural products.
说明:
“提高……(的)供给保障能力”即“提高保障供给……(的)能力”,所以译为:ensure the supply of ...
又是文字游戏……
* grain: [uncountable] the seeds of crops such as corn, wheat, or rice that are gathered for use as food, or these crops themselves 谷物,粮食
第2句:
保障粮食安全的要害是种子和耕地。
Seeds and cropland are crucial for safeguarding China’s food security.
说明:
The key of safeguarding China’s food security lies in seeds and cropland.
* safeguard: v. to protect sth/sb from loss, harm or damage; to keep sth / sb safe 保护;保障;捍卫
第3句:
要加强种质资源保护利用和优良品种选育推广,开展农业关键核心技术攻关。
We will strengthen the protection and use of germplasm resources and the breeding and application of fine crop varieties, and strive to make key technological breakthroughs in agriculture.
说明:
要特别注意的是在“种质资源保护利用”中间用of表明了所属关系,而不能顺着翻译下来,否则germplasm resources protection and use的说法读起来让人很晕的,再看fine crop varieties breeding and application。
所以在想有冲动连着用3个名词时就要特别小心,考虑一下是否应该用介词了。
* germplasm: n. [mass noun](Biology)germ cells, collectively (生)[总称]生殖质,种质,生殖细胞的细胞质;遗传物质
这是个非常专业的概念,很多权威网站都用的这个词:
* breeding: n. the activity of keeping animals or plants in order to produce animals or plants that have particular qualities 培育,育种
也可以这么理解,“加强应用”,strengthen the application,就是“推广”了。
* crop: n. a plant such as wheat, rice, or fruit that is grown by farmers and used as food 庄稼;作物
优良(的),fine。
* fine: adj. of high quality; good 高质量的;美好的
疾病防治攻关breakthroughs in the prevention and control of diseases
关键核心技术攻关make major breakthroughs in core technologies in key fields
第4句:
提高高标准农田建设标准和质量,完善灌溉设施,‖强化耕地保护,坚决遏制耕地“非农化”、防止“非粮化”。
提高高标准农田建设标准和质量,完善灌溉设施,‖
The standards for maintaining high-quality farmland will be raised, and irrigation facilities will be improved.
说明:
前半句主干是“提高……标准”,增译“维持”,被动语态写为“维持高质量农田的标准将会被提高”。
强化耕地保护,坚决遏制耕地“非农化”、防止“非粮化”。
We will enhance the protection of cropland, and resolutely stop any attempt to use it for purposes other than agriculture and specifically grain production.
说明:
* firm: adj. not likely to change 坚定的;确定的;坚决的
第5句:
建设国家粮食安全产业带。
Agricultural belts for national food security will be developed.
说明:
第6句:
稳定种粮农民补贴,适度提高稻谷、小麦最低收购价,‖扩大完全成本和收入保险试点范围。
稳定种粮农民补贴,适度提高稻谷、小麦最低收购价,‖
Subsidies for grain growers will be maintained, and minimum purchase prices for rice and wheat will be increased as appropriate.
说明:
* grower: n. a person or company that grows fruit or vegetables in order to sell them 〔水果、蔬菜等的〕种植户,种植公司
* stabilize: v. to become firm, steady, or unchanging, or to make something firm or steady (使)稳固,(使)稳定
原文:优先支持在建工程。
译文:The scope of use for such bonds will be expanded as appropriate.
原文:引导平台企业合理降低商户服务费。
译文:We will also encourage platform companies to reduce their service fees as appropriate.
更多“合理”的翻译思路可以戳这条微博链接查看:https://weibo.com/2125173727/KBPzbcLOt
扩大完全成本和收入保险试点范围。
Pilot insurance programs covering total production costs and incomes will be expanded.
说明:
这个改写比较有意思,没有增补we之类的常规主语,而是增补了“项目”,把“范围”处理成现在分词短语,充当programs的后置定语,表示“覆盖了……的项目”。
* pilot: adj. done on a small scale in order to see if sth is successful enough to do on a large scale 试验性的;试点的
第7句:
稳定粮食播种面积,提高单产和品质。
Grain acreage will be kept stable, per unit crop yield will be increased, and the quality of grains will be raised.
说明:
* acreage: n. an area of land, typically when used for agricultural purposes, but not necessarily measured in acres 土地面积(尤指农业用地,但不一定以英亩计算)
朗文词典上给出这个单词的释义是“英亩数,以英亩计算的面积”,但是在中国肯定不会以“英亩”计算面积,所以我继续查,就看到了上面那条释义,比较符合语境。
increase the yield和raise the quality。
换一下位置就是increase the quality和raise the yield,查证看是否还搭配:
可见,increase the quality完全可行。
raise the yield也可以用,只是用的比较少;不过最后一个例子出自《经济学人》,还是很有说服力的。
既然这样,参考译文还拆开翻译就没有太大的必要了,合并只用一个动词来看:
... per unit crop yield and the quality of grains will be raised/increased.
这样完全没问题。只是有些头重脚轻(主语太长、谓语太短)。难道参考译文拆开处理,只是为了让句子平衡?
第8&9句:
多措并举扩大油料生产。发展畜禽水产养殖,稳定生猪生产。
We will adopt multiple measures to expand the production of oil-bearing crops, develop livestock, poultry, and aquaculture farming, and promote stable hog production.
说明:
也可以说take steps to do sth.:
oil-bearing: adj. producing or containing oil 产油的;含油的
* livestock: n. the animals kept on a farm, for example cows or sheep 牲畜;家畜
* poultry: n. [plural] birds such as chickens and ducks that are kept on farms in order to produce eggs and meat 家禽
* aquaculture: n. the growing of plants in water for food水产养殖(业)
第10句:
加强动植物疫病防控。
Prevention and control of animal and plant diseases will be enhanced.
说明:
还要注意一小点:名词修饰名词时,前面的名词多用原形,不需要变为复数形式。
比如,虽然这里animal和plant都是可数名词,但修饰disease的时候,均只用单数形式即可。
第11&12句:
保障农产品市场供应和价格基本稳定。开展粮食节约行动。
We will ensure stability in the supply and prices of agricultural products, and launch food saving initiatives.
说明:
在什么方面的“稳定”呢?用介词in引出,这是固定的用法,直接记就行。
这个问题特别严重,在批改班中经常会遇到单独用一个可数名词的情况,都是很不合适的。
第13句:
解决好吃饭问题始终是头等大事,‖我们一定要下力气也完全有能力保障好14亿人的粮食安全。
解决好吃饭问题始终是头等大事,‖
Ensuring that our people have enough food remains a top priority for our government.
说明:
主语译成了“谓语+宾语从句”的结构,并且动词是不能做主语的,所以用的是ensure的动名词形式,有了名字的意义,做主语没有问题。
* remain: linking verb: to continue to be sth; to be still in the same state or condition仍然是;保持不变
我们一定要下力气也完全有能力保障好14亿人的粮食安全。
We are resolved to ensure food security for our 1.4 billion people, and we know we can achieve this.
说明:
参考译文处理成了一对并列句;后半句的内容一样,所以用this来指代food security for ...。
第三部分第26段:
扎实推进农村改革和乡村建设。巩固和完善农村基本经营制度,保持土地承包关系稳定并长久不变,稳步推进多种形式适度规模经营,加快发展专业化社会化服务。深化供销社、集体林权、国有林区林场、农垦等改革。提高土地出让收入用于农业农村比例。强化农村基本公共服务和公共基础设施建设,促进县域内城乡融合发展。启动农村人居环境整治提升五年行动。保障农民工工资及时足额支付。加快发展乡村产业,壮大县域经济,拓宽农民就业渠道。千方百计使亿万农民多增收、有奔头。
第1句:
扎实推进农村改革和乡村建设。
We will take solid steps in advancing rural reform and development.
说明:
第2句:
巩固和完善农村基本经营制度,‖保持土地承包关系稳定并长久不变,稳步推进多种形式适度规模经营,加快发展专业化社会化服务。
巩固和完善农村基本经营制度,‖
We will consolidate and improve the system of basic rural operations.
说明:
* consolidate: v. to strengthen the position of power or success that you have, so that it becomes more effective or continues for longer 加强,巩固〔取得的权力、成功等〕
也可以理解为“使……(得到)巩固”的使动用法:
* consolidate: to make a position of power or success stronger so that it is more likely to continue 使加强;使巩固
“经营”使用的是单词operation,既可以做可数名词,也可以做不可数名词:
* operation: n. WORK/ACTIVITIES 工作/活动 [countable, uncountable] the work or activities done by a business or organization, or the process of doing this work 经营;业务
保持土地承包关系稳定并长久不变,稳步推进多种形式适度规模经营,加快发展专业化社会化服务。
We will keep rural land contract relationships unchanged over the long term, steadily promote appropriately scaled agribusiness operations of various types, and speed up the development of specialized and commercial services.
说明:
背景知识:
“适度地”是修饰“有规模的”,所以用了appropriately的副词形式。
“有规模的”用了scaled,词典上差不到对应的词条,应该是将其作名词的“规模”意思用成了形容词的形式。
“经营”实际是“农业综合经营”,用了如下词汇:
* agribusiness: n. the production and sale of farm products, or a company involved in this 农业综合经营;农业综合企业
第3句:
深化供销社、集体林权、国有林区林场、农垦等改革。
Reforms of supply and marketing cooperatives, collective forest tenure, state forestry areas and farms, and state farms will be deepened.
说明:
* marketing: the activity of presenting, advertising and selling a company's products in the best possible way 促销;营销;销售活动
* cooperative: n. a business or organization owned equally by all the people working there 合作性组织,合作企业,合作商店
* tenure: n. the legal right to live in a house or use a piece of land (房地产的)保有权,保有期
从英文释义中可见,这个词主要是讨论“在房屋内居住”和“使用土地”的法定权利,在这里比right更符合语境。顺道看看right的意思,重点读英文释义哦:
* right: n. ALLOWED 允许的 [countable] something that you are morally, legally, or officially allowed to do or have 权利
* forestry: n. the science or skill of looking after large areas of trees 林学;林业
为什么翻译成state farms呢?就很迷。我在网上搜了一下“农垦”和“国有农场”这俩关键词,找到了如下关键页面:
咱们只能尽力去理解了,“国有农场”是“农垦改革”的方向。直接就译成了state farms。
记就行了。
第4句:
提高土地出让收入用于农业农村比例。
More of the revenue from land sales will be spent on agriculture and rural development.
说明:
更多的土地出让收入将用于农业农村发展。
将“提高……比例”改写成“更多的……”。
* revenue: N-UNCOUNT 不可数名词 (公司、组织的)收入,收益;(政府的)财政收入,税收 Revenue is money that a company, organization, or government receives from people.
这个词指的是公司、组织或政府的收入。
第5句:
强化农村基本公共服务和公共基础设施建设,促进县域内城乡融合发展。
We will strengthen basic public services and infrastructure construction in rural areas and promote integrated urban-rural development in counties.
说明:
合并到一起翻译的时候,省略了a里面的“建设”和b里面的“公共”,就有了对应的参考译文。
第6句:
启动农村人居环境整治提升五年行动。
A five-year program to improve the rural living environment will be launched.
说明:
* launch: v. START STH 开始做某事 to start something, usually something big or important 发动,发起,开始从事〔大型或重要活动〕
从英文释义可以知道,launch本质意思就是“开始”,只不过和“大型或重要活动”更搭配。
第7句:
保障农民工工资及时足额支付。
We will ensure that rural migrant workers receive their pay on time and in full.
说明:
第8句:
加快发展乡村产业,壮大县域经济,拓宽农民就业渠道。
We will promote faster development of rural industries and strengthen county economies, so as to enable rural people to seek employment through more channels.
说明:
“农民”直接是rural people,下一句用的是rural residents没有用一成不变的farmers。
“找工作”是seek employment,“追求就业”,多直白的表达。
第9句:
千方百计使亿万农民多增收、有奔头。
We will do our utmost to see that rural residents in their hundreds of millions can earn higher incomes and embrace a brighter future.
说明:
* utmost: noun [sing.] the greatest amount possible 最大量;最大限度;极限;最大可能
例:He did his utmost (= tried as hard as possible) to persuade me not to go.
他使尽浑身解数劝我别去。
“确保”用了单词see,这个在前面已经见到过多次,在复习一下:
* see: v. MAKE SURE 确保 [transitive] to make sure or check that something is done 确保,查明
注意“bright future”前面有冠词a。